Colourised transmission electron micrograph of Marburg virus particles (blue)Credit: VINCENT MONCORGE / LOOK AT SCIENCES / SPL
In a world where emerging health threats are becoming more frequent and unpredictable, the ability to prevent and contain epidemics is crucial for any nation. Rwanda's experience in dealing with the Marburg virus in 2024 is an example of how preparedness, collaboration and continued investment in health infrastructure can make a difference. However, this should be understood not just as an isolated case, but as a starting point for a broader reflection on the future of global preparedness for health emergencies.
The Marburg virus, similar to Ebola in its lethality and mode of transmission, is one of the world's most fearsome pathogens. Its ability to cause haemorrhagic fevers and high mortality rates, in the absence of vaccines or specific treatments, makes a rapid and coordinated response imperative. Rwanda has been able to turn the threat into an opportunity through an efficient surveillance system, a timely response and a strong culture of communication and community collaboration. Its experience shows that by investing in monitoring systems, staff training and diagnostic technology, it is possible to anticipate the spread of infection and implement effective containment measures.
But why is it so important to look beyond the single Rwandan case? The answer lies in the global nature of epidemics. Today, the health of every individual is closely linked to the health of others. In an era of international travel and economic and social interconnectedness, an outbreak in one corner of the world can quickly turn into a global crisis. Therefore, epidemic preparedness should not be seen as a local or national issue, but as a shared global responsibility.
The Rwandan model offers us several useful lessons. First, early detection and the use of modern technologies are essential. The ability to identify signs of infection at an early stage allows emergency protocols to be activated and suspected cases to be quickly isolated, minimising the risk of spread. This strategy, based on prevention rather than reaction, is a fundamental paradigm for any nation that wants to be prepared for new threats.
Another central aspect concerns communication. During an epidemic, the dissemination of correct and timely information is crucial to avoid panic and combat misinformation. Rwanda was able to rely on local health workers and leaders, trusted figures who were able to convey clear and reassuring messages to the communities. This approach demonstrates that health education and direct involvement of citizens are powerful tools to create a collective and shared response. Today, the role of media, social networks and digital platforms is essential to inform and engage a global audience.
A further aspect, which goes far beyond the borders of a single country, is international collaboration. No nation can face the threat of a pandemic alone: sharing knowledge, resources and data between countries, institutions and global organisations is indispensable. The Rwanda experience benefited from the support of organisations such as the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Africa CDC. These collaborations have facilitated the exchange of information in real time, providing faster access to diagnostic tools and operational guidelines. Broadening this vision implies the need to strengthen links between nations and promote a multilateral approach that pools expertise and resources to deal with future health emergencies.
Nor can the ethical and political aspect be overlooked. The fact that Rwanda, despite limited economic resources, has managed to implement an effective preparedness system challenges the traditional perception that only wealthier nations possess the capacity to defend themselves against serious health threats. This reality should prompt the international community to reconsider how it supports developing countries, encouraging investment and cooperation that can turn epidemic preparedness into a global priority, rather than an isolated and temporary reaction.
The challenge is twofold: on the one hand, to improve health infrastructure and response capacity in countries with limited resources; on the other, to create a global governance system that effectively coordinates emergency responses, ensuring equity, transparency and solidarity.
Finally, it is important to emphasise that every crisis is also an opportunity for growth and innovation. The experience with the Marburg virus, while a trial by fire, offered valuable lessons to the world on the value of preparedness, prevention and cooperation. Looking at the Rwanda case invites us to reflect on the need to turn every difficulty into a springboard for more resilient and inclusive health systems.
Rwanda's response to the Marburg virus outbreak serves as a powerful reminder that preparedness is not a luxury reserved for wealthy nations, but a necessity for all countries, regardless of their economic status. It demonstrates that even in the face of limited resources, strategic investments in health systems, community engagement, and international collaboration can significantly mitigate the impact of a public health crisis. We must take proactive steps now, building stronger, more resilient health systems that are capable of anticipating and responding to emerging threats. This means investing in health infrastructure, fostering global partnerships, and ensuring that every country, no matter its size or wealth, is prepared to face the challenges of a rapidly changing world. Ultimately, the lessons from Rwanda should serve as a call to action for all of us—a reminder that our collective health is interconnected, and the path to a safer, more equitable world begins with shared responsibility and collaboration.
