Fig. 3

Proposed scheme for using family history to guide early detection and prevention strategies for CAD. CAD, coronary artery disease; Established risk factors, elevated total and LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking; Emerging risk factors, elevated C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), small LDL particles, reduced HDL2b fraction, apolipoprotein B, hyperinsulinemia or other measures of insulin resistance/impaired glucose tolerance, MTHFR C677T, factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, and apoE genotype.