Impact of Metabolic Syndrome Components on the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in a General Urban Japanese Population: The Suita Study

1. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ : The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005; 365: 1415–1428.

   Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

2. Galassi A, Reynolds K, He J : Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2006; 119: 812–819.

   Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

3. Iso H, Sato S, Kitamura A, et al: Metabolic syndrome and the risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke among Japanese men and women. Stroke 2007; 38: 1744–1751.

   Article  Google Scholar 

4. Kadota A, Hozawa A, Okamura T, et al: Relationship between metabolic risk factor clustering and cardiovascular mortality stratified by high blood glucose and obesity: NIPPON DATA90, 1990 2000. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1533–1538.

   Article  Google Scholar 

5. Niwa Y, Ishikawa S, Gotoh T, Kayaba K, Nakamura Y, Kajii E : Metabolic syndrome mortality in a populationbased cohort study: Jichi Medical School (JMS) Cohort Study. J Epidemiol 2007; 17: 203–209.

   Article  Google Scholar 

6. Ninomiya T, Kubo M, Doi Y, et al: Impact of metabolic syndrome on the development of cardiovascular disease in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Stroke 2007; 38: 2063–2069.

   Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

7. Takeuchi H, Saitoh S, Takagi S, et al: Metabolic syndrome and cardiac disease in Japanese men: applicability of the concept of metabolic syndrome defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III to Japanese men—the Tanno and Sobetsu Study. Hypertens Res 2005; 28: 203–208.

   Article  Google Scholar 

8. Hunt KJ, Resendez RG, Williams K, Haffner SM, Stern MP : National Cholesterol Education Program versus World Health Organization metabolic syndrome in relation to allcause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation 2004; 110: 1251–1257.

   Article  Google Scholar 

9. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M : The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289–2304.

   Article  Google Scholar 

10. Arenillas JF, Moro MA, Davalos A : The metabolic syndrome and stroke: potential treatment approaches. Stroke 2007; 38: 2196–2203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

11. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J : Metabolic syndrome—a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 469–480.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

12. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al: Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735–2752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

13. Tanaka H, Yokoyama T, Yoshiike N, Kokubo Y : Cerebrovascular disease, in Detels R, McEwen J, Beaglehole R, Tanaka H (eds): Oxford Textbook of Public Health: The Scope of Public Health. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp 1193–1254.

    Google Scholar 

14. Matsuzawa Y : Metabolic syndrome definition and diagnostic criteria in Japan. J Atheroscler Thromb 2005; 12: 301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

15. Definition and the diagnostic standard for metabolic syndrome—Committee to Evaluate Diagnostic Standards for Metabolic Syndrome. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2005; 94: 794–809 ( in Japanese).

16. Kokubo Y, Inamoto N, Tomoike H, et al: Association of genetic polymorphisms of sodium-calcium exchanger 1 gene, NCX1, with hypertension in a Japanese general population. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 697–702.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

17. Kokubo Y, Tomoike H, Tanaka C, et al: Association of sixty-one non-synonymous polymorphisms in forty-one hypertension candidate genes with blood pressure variation and hypertension. Hypertens Res 2006; 29: 611–619.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

18. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497.

19. James PT, Leach R, Kalamara E, Shayeghi M : The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obes Res 2001; 9 ( Suppl 4): 228S–233S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

20. New criteria for ‘obesity disease’ in Japan. Circ J 2002; 66: 987–992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

21. Walker AE, Robins M, Weinfeld FD : The National Survey of Stroke. Clinical findings. Stroke 1981; 12: I13–I44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

22. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Rajakangas AM, Pajak A : Myocardial infarction and coronary deaths in the World Health Organization MONICA Project. Registration procedures, event rates, and case-fatality rates in 38 populations from 21 countries in four continents. Circulation 1994; 90: 583–612.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

23. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW : C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 972–978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

24. Meigs JB, O'Donnell C J, Tofler GH, et al: Hemostatic markers of endothelial dysfunction and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes 2006; 55: 530–537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

25. Lteif AA, Han K, Mather KJ : Obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome: determinants of endothelial dysfunction in whites and blacks. Circulation 2005; 112: 32–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

26. Ceriello A, Motz E : Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 816–823.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

27. Despres JP, Lemieux I : Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature 2006; 444: 881–887.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

28. Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE : Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature 2006; 444: 875–880.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

29. Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Despres JP, et al: International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA): a study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168,000 primary care patients in 63 countries. Circulation 2007; 116: 1942–1951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references