Extended Data Figure 5: Sensitivity of results to the correlation between governance and GDP per capita and designation years of protected areas.

a, b, Estimated coefficients in the multivariate analysis of community-level (n = 2,079 grid cells) (a) and species-level (on the basis of 293 species; see Supplementary Data 2 for the number of grid cells for each species) (b) changes in abundance, in which governance was replaced with linear and quadratic terms of GDP per capita. c, d, Estimated coefficients in the multivariate analysis of community-level (n = 2,079 grid cells) (c) and species-level (on the basis of 293 species; see Supplementary Data 2 for the number of grid cells in each species) (d) changes in abundance, in which only protected areas known to have been designated before 1990 (the first survey year in our dataset) were used (most conservative approach). Posterior medians with 95% and 50% (thick lines) credible intervals are shown. Coefficients with 95% credible intervals not overlapping with zero are shown in red.