Figure 7: Lithium diffusion mechanism on the surface of various metal oxides.

(a–e) Minimum energy path for lithium ion diffusion on Al₂O₃(110), CeO₂(111), La₂O₃(001), MgO(100) and CaO(100) surfaces, respectively. (f) Potential energy profiles for Li⁺ diffusion along different adsorption sites on the oxide surface.