Figure 1: Schematic of in situ nanoparticles self-assembly process.
From: Ultra-fast self-assembly and stabilization of reactive nanoparticles in reduced graphene oxide films

(a) Microsized particles in a conductive RGO network matrix (left) are self-assembled into nanoparticles (right) driven by direct Joule heating for ∼10 ms. (b) Proposed mechanism for nanoparticle formation, where a microsized particle melts on heating and self-assembles into nanoparticles due to confinement by the defects of the RGO sheet. (c) The raw materials are 3D printable, where nanoparticles can be formed in a conductive RGO matrix.