Fig. 4

Graphical summary for the generation of humanized model mice. The development of genome editing techniques has enabled the rapid modification of chromosomes in ES cells and fertilized eggs. To generate a humanized model, genome editing techniques permit the knockout (KO) of orthologous gene loci in the mouse genome. Crossing KO mice with transchromosomic (Tc) mice generate fully humanized mice. Genome editing techniques realize the further modification of human genomic loci on the MAC to produce humanized mice carrying specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms or disease-associated mutations, deletions, or amplifications for a personalized model