Table 13 Comparative analysis of NDVI trends and conservation practices in sacred landscapes

From: Sacred heritage and environmental sustainability: carbon and biodiversity insights from Taiwan’s Fo Guang Shan Monastery and Buddha Museum

Sacred Landscape

NDVI Trends

Key Findings

Fo Guang Shan Forests (2016–2022)

Initial decline (2016–2019), followed by recovery (2019–2022)

Monastic afforestation programs counteract built area expansion effects

Ethiopian Church Forests

Stable NDVI over decades

Protection from deforestation due to religious significance

Japanese Temple Forests

Minimal NDVI fluctuations

Strong cultural commitment to long-term conservation

Back to article page