Fig. 2: A comparison of homologous oracle bone rubbings from different periods, showcasing the challenges in recognition.

The enlarged characters (top) exhibit variations due to distinct rubbing techniques. The blue areas denote three undeciphered characters lacking modern Chinese annotations. The orange areas indicate two deciphered characters with known modern equivalents. The yellow areas highlight two characters that are severely worn, making them indistinguishable and a matter of scholarly debate.