Fig. 8

During the alveolar bone wound-healing cascade, implantation of bioactive glass ceramic scaffold with molybdenum (Mo-scaffold) led to increased osteogenesis and decreased osteoclastogenesis across alveolar bone defects in canines; implantation of bioactive glass ceramic scaffold without molybdenum (BG-scaffold) was used as the control. a Representative images showing the creation of critical-size alveolar bone defects at the tooth extraction site and the implantation of BG- or Mo-scaffold in canines. In both jaw quadrants, two one-wall intrabony defects with a size of 4 cm × 5 cm (width × height) were created at the distal site of the second mandibular premolar and at the mesial site of the fourth mandibular premolar, and then, the two defects were randomly subjected to transplantation of anatomically matched BG- and Mo-scaffolds. b Representative X-ray images showing bone defects subjected to transplantation of a BG-scaffold (white arrows) or Mo-scaffold (red arrows) at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 8 weeks post-surgery. c Representative immunohistochemical staining images showing the expression of the marker ALP by osteoblasts at the edge of the newly formed bone. d Semiquantitative analysis of ALP-positive cells per field based on immunohistochemical staining images (n = 5). e Representative immunohistochemical staining images showing the expression of the marker TRAP by osteoclasts at the edge of the newly formed bone. f Semiquantitative analysis of the TRAP-positive cells (black arrow) per field based on TRAP staining images (n = 5). The data are shown as the mean ± SD; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 indicate significant differences between the indicated columns