Fig. 9

At 8 weeks post-surgery, implantation of a molybdenum-containing bioactive glass ceramic scaffold (Mo-scaffold) resulted in increased alveolar bone regeneration across alveolar bone defects in canines; implantation of a bioactive glass ceramic scaffold without molybdenum (BG-scaffold) was used as the control. a Representative micro-CT images showing the remaining implants and the newly formed bone within the bone defect region at 1 and 8 weeks post-surgery. (a1, b1, c1 and d1) Representative 3D reconstruction images showing the transplants within the alveolar bone defects at 1 and 8 weeks post-surgery. (a2, b2, c2 and d2) Representative cross-section view images showing the newly formed bone (green arrows) alongside the root and the Mo-scaffold transplants at 8 weeks post-surgery; (a3,b3, c3 and d3) Representative 3D reconstruction images showing the newly formed bone within the transplants (cyan for transplants and yellow for newly formed bone); (a4, b4, c4 and d4) Representative cross-section view images showing the newly formed bone growing into the transplants at 8 weeks post-surgery (cyan for transplants and yellow for newly formed bone). Scale bar = 3 mm. b Quantitative analysis of bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) based on micro-CT scanning at 1 and 8 weeks post-surgery. c Representative methylene blue-acid fuchsin staining images showing the newly formed bone surrounding transplants within the alveolar bone defect region at 8 weeks post-surgery. Left panel: overview of the alveolar bone defect region, scale bar = 1 mm; right panel: magnified view showing the newly formed bone on the material-tissue interfaces (marked area from the left panels), scale bar = 500 µm. d Representative H&E staining images showing the newly formed vessels surrounding transplants within the alveolar bone defect region at 8 weeks post-surgery. Left panel: overview of the bone defect region, scale bar = 1 mm; right panel: magnified view showing the newly formed vessels on the material-tissue interfaces (marked area from the left panels), scale bar = 50 µm. e Representative methylene blue-acid fuchsin staining images showing the newly formed hybrid periodontal tissues in the defects, including new bone (NB), new periodontal ligament (NPL) and new cementum (NC), in canines at 8 weeks post-surgery. (a1-a2) Representative images of methylene blue-acid fuchsin staining showing the newly formed bone-PDL-cementum complex in created defects, scale bar = 1 mm; (b1-b2) magnified view showing the NPL (marked area from the left panels), scale bar = 500 µm. f Histometric analysis of the height from the bone crest to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) site. Landmarks and parameters used for histometric analysis are shown in (e), and the data are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 4); *P < 0.05, *P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 indicate significant differences between the indicated columns