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Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in pregnant women in a Northeastern U.S. city: socioeconomic disparity and contributions from air pollution sources

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology volume 34, pages 407–415 (2024)Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ubiquitous constituents of air pollution, has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. Yet it remains unclear whether and how socioeconomic status (SES) affects gestational PAH exposure.

Objective

To examine whether there are socioeconomic disparities in PAHs exposure among pregnant women from Rochester, NY, and if so, to what extent disproportionate proximity to air pollution sources, measured by residential distance to transportation-related sources, contributed to the exposure disparity.

Methods

We measured 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in 726 urine samples collected from 305 pregnant women up to three samples throughout pregnancy. Residential distances to transportation-related sources were calculated based on participants’ home addresses. We used linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts of participants to examine associations between 1-hydroxypyrene, SES indicators, and distance to transportation-related sources. We used structural equation modelling to assess to what extent distance to transportation-related sources contributes to the socioeconomic disparity in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations.

Results

Reduced household income and maternal education level were both significant SES predictors of 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations, after the adjustment for other maternal demographic characteristics. Each interquartile range (IQR) increases in residential proximity to the airport (from 14.3 to 6.0 km), the railroad yard (from 22.3 to 6.0 km), and annual average daily traffic within 300 m (from 3796 to 99,933 vehicles/year) were associated with 15.0% (95%CI: 7.0–22.2%), 15.4% (95%CI: 6.5–23.5%), and 13.6% (95%CI: 4.7–23.3%) increases in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations, respectively. Proximity to these sources jointly explained 10% (95%CI: 1.6–18.4%) of the 1-hydroxypyrene concentration change associated with decreases in SES as a latent variable defined by both household income and education level.

Impact statement

Our findings suggest that efforts to address disproportionate residential proximity to transportation-related sources may reduce the socioeconomic disparity in PAH exposure.

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Fig. 1: Difference in urinary 1-OHP levels across different samples by household income, education level, race/ethnic group, smoking status, secondhand smoke, age, trimester, and season of urine collection.
Fig. 2: Associations of urinary 1-OHP concentrations with residential proximity to airport, railroad yard, and local traffics.
Fig. 3: Structural equation model of the associations between 1-OHP concentrations, socioeconomic status (SES), and residential proximity to regional sources in pregnant women residing in Rochester, NY.
Fig. 4: Comparison of urinary 1-OHP and ambient PM2.5 levels between Rochester (this study, red symbols) and other cities worldwide (previous studies, black symbols).

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the author for external validation.

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Kelly Thevenet-Morrison for her assistance in data management.

Funding

This study is funded by National Institutes of Health (R01ES027495, UG3 OD023349, HD083369), The Wynne Center for Family Research. The project described in this publication was supported by the University of Rochester CTSA award number UL1 TR002001 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Yan Lin, Emily Craig, Xiaodong Liu.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nicholas School of the Environment & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Yan Lin, Emily Craig, Yihui Ge, Xiangtian Wang, Zhenchun Yang & Junfeng (Jim) Zhang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

    Xiaodong Liu

  3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Jessica Brunner, Richard K. Miller, Emily S. Barrett & Thomas G. O’Connor

  4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Jessica Brunner & Thomas G. O’Connor

  5. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Philip K. Hopke, Emily S. Barrett & David Q. Rich

  6. Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA

    Philip K. Hopke

  7. Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Richard K. Miller, Sally W. Thurston & David Q. Rich

  8. Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Richard K. Miller

  9. Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Richard K. Miller

  10. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA

    Emily S. Barrett

  11. Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Sally W. Thurston

  12. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Susan K. Murphy

  13. Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

    Thomas G. O’Connor

  14. Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    Thomas G. O’Connor

  15. Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

    David Q. Rich

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Contributions

Conceptualization: YL, JZ, and DR; Subject recruitment and sample collection: BJ, TO’C; Laboratory analysis: YL, EC, XL, YG, ZY, and XW; Data analysis: YL, EC, and ST; Writing—Original draft preparation: YL and EC; Writing—Reviewing and Editing: YL, EC, XL, YG, BJ, XW, ZY, PH, RM, EB, ST, SM, TO’C, DQ, and JZ; Supervision: JZ and DR; Fund acquisitions: JZ and DR.

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Correspondence to Junfeng (Jim) Zhang.

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The study was approved by the University of Rochester Research Subjects Review Board and the Institutional Review Board of Duke University. All participants provided written informed consent.

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Lin, Y., Craig, E., Liu, X. et al. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in pregnant women in a Northeastern U.S. city: socioeconomic disparity and contributions from air pollution sources. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 34, 407–415 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-023-00555-9

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