Fig. 4: AOPPs activated the IKK/IκB/NF-κB pathway in vitro and in vivo.

AOPPs increased the expression of p-NF-κB, p-IKBα, and p-IKKα/β in the total protein fraction of HepG2 and L-02 cells (A). AOPPs increased the expression of p-NF-κB, p-IKBα, and p-IKKα/β in the liver tissues of the sham and 5/6 nx groups (B). Protein expression levels were quantified by ImageJ software (C, D). Each experiment was performed with a different isolate. Data are presented as mean ± SD; *p < 0.05 compared with the CON or PBS groups. Data were normalized to GAPDH.