Fig. 4: Treatment-specific DE genes and downstream analyses after 6 h and 1 week of exposure.

a Volcano plots of DE genes for each treatment (Li, VPA and LTG) vs. DMSO after 6 h of exposure. b Venn diagram of DE genes after 6 h of exposure. The majority of DE genes were shared between all three treatments. c Enrichment of 6 h Li-specific genes in human brain structures. d Enrichment of 6 h shared DE genes in human brain structures. e Pathway (KEGG) analysis of DE genes (1670) that were unique to Li treatment (purple) and DE genes (5558) that were shared (gray) between all three treatments. The DE genes uniquely associated with VPA (540) and LTG (1431) were not enriched for any pathways. f Volcano plots of DE genes associated with VPA and LTG treatment vs. DMSO after 1 week of exposure. Li treatment for 1 week did not result in any significant DE gene. g Venn diagram of DE genes associated with 1 week LTG and VPA treatments. h Enrichment of 1 week LTG genes in brain regions. i Pathway (KEGG) analysis of unique LTG genes. No significantly enriched pathway was identified for unique VPA genes. VPA valproate, LTG lamotrigine, DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide, KEGG the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, CB cerebellum, MED medulla oblongata, PON pons, SN substantia nigra, CNG anterior cingulate cortex, DFC dorsal frontal cortex, THA thalamus.