Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of bipolar subgroups and healthy comparisons
Clinical and demographic variables | Bipolar subgroup 1 (N = 16) | Bipolar subgroup 2 (N = 36) | Healthy controls (HC, N = 31) | Statistics | p | Post hoc analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Subgroup 1 vs HC | Subgroup 2 vs HC | Subgroup 1 vs subgroup 2 | |||||
Age (years) | 14.09 (1.71) | 14.66 (1.76) | 15.02 (1.69) | F = 1.53 | 0.22 |  |  |  |
IQ | 110.13 (12.11) | 100.03 (11.68) | 110.03 (11.45) | F = 7.53 | <0.01* | 0.99 | <0.01* | 0.01* |
Parental SES | 3.23 (1.01) | 2.95 (1.05) | 3.90 (1.01) | F = 7.71 | <0.01* | 0. 10 | <0.01* | 0.53 |
Duration of episode (days) | 29.81 (36.51) | 17.09 (27.04) | NA | t = 1.26 | 0.22 |  |  |  |
CDRS-R (Baseline) | 39.75 (7.02) | 37.97 (8.33) | NA | t = 0.74 | 0.46 |  |  |  |
CGI-S (Baseline) | 4.94 (0.57) | 5.03 (0.65) | NA | t = 0.48 | 0.64 |  |  |  |
YMRS (Baseline) | 28.06 (4.73) | 28.94 (4.64) | NA | t = 0.63 | 0.53 |  |  |  |
YMRS (End point) | 10.31 (6.72) | 14.94 (8.56) | NA | t = 2.09 | 0.04* |  |  |  |
Sex, N (%) | ||||||||
  Male | 7 (44%) | 13 (36%) | 17 (55%) | χ2 = 0.53 | 0.77 |  |  |  |
  Female | 9 (56%) | 23 (64%) | 14 (45%) |  |  |  |  |  |
 ADHD comorbidity, N (%) | 4 (25%) | 16 (44%) | NA | χ2 = 1.77 | 0.18 |  |  |  |
 Current psychosis, N (%) | 3 (19%) | 7 (19%) | NA | χ2 < 0.01 | 0.95 |  |  |  |
 History of ADHD treatment, N (%) | 6 (38%) | 12 (33%) | NA | χ2 = 0.09 | 0.77 |  |  |  |
 History of antidepressant treatment, N (%) | 2 (13%) | 7 (19%) | NA | χ2 = 0.60 | 0.44 |  |  |  |
 History of antipsychotic treatment, N (%) | 4 (25%) | 12 (33%) | NA | χ2 = 0.36 | 0.55 |  |  |  |
Therapeutics and response | Effect size estimates (Cohen’s d ) | |||||||
Dosage (mg) | ||||||||
  Lithium, mean (SD) | 1237.50 (250.36) | 1270.59 (492.14) |  | t = 0.22 | 0.83 |  | −0.08 |  |
  Quetiapine, mean (SD) | 462.50 (106.07) | 505.88 (134.49) |  | t = 0.80 | 0.43 |  | −0.36 |  |
Response rate | ||||||||
  Lithium, N (%) | 5/8 (63%) | 9/17 (53%) |  | χ2 = 0.20 | 0.65 |  | 0.18 |  |
  Quetiapine, N (%) | 8/8 (100%) | 10/19 (53%) |  | χ2 = 5.68 | 0.02* |  | 1.03 |  |
  General, N (%) | 13/16 (81%) | 19/36 (53%) |  | χ2 = 3.39 | 0.051 |  | 0.53 |  |
