Fig. 1: Joint associations of sleep quality and traditional healthy lifestyles with the prevalence of MAFLD.

A, C The Imaging sub-cohort of South China Cohort (ISSCC). B, D The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Models included US population and study design weights to account for the complex survey design. Odds ratio (95%CI) were adjusted for age, gender, race (only US NHANES), education, marriage and income level. Multiplicative interaction was evaluated using odds ratios for the product term between sleep quality and traditional healthy lifestyles, and additive interaction was evaluated using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and the synergy index (S) between sleep quality (poor versus good) and traditional healthy lifestyle (0 to 1 behavior versus 3 to 4 behaviors). AP attributable proportion due to interaction, HLS healthy lifestyle, MAFLD metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, OR odds ratio, RERI relative excess risk due to interaction, S synergy index.