Fig. 6

Model for the epithelial–stromal interactions in the tumor microenvironment of GC. a IL-33 released from CAFs promotes the migration, invasion and EMT of GC cells via the ST2L-ERK1/2-SP1-ZEB2 pathway. b GC cell-derived TNF-α upregulates IL-33 expression in CAFs via the TNFR2-NF-κB-IRF-1 pathway