Fig. 5 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 5

From: Metabolic reprogramming of proinflammatory macrophages by target delivered roburic acid effectively ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis symptoms

Fig. 5

RBA-NPs reprogram proinflammatory M1 macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells. a RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells were pretreated by LPS + IFN-γ or IL-4 + IL-13 to induce M1 or M2 phenotype polarization. Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 (red, pan-macrophage markers), CD86 (M1 marker, green) or CD206 (M2 marker, green), and nuclei (blue) on M1 phenotype macrophages without or with treatment RBA-NPs. Scale bar = 20 μm. b The proportions of M1 phenotype macrophages (CD86+) and M2 phenotype macrophages (CD206+) without or with treatment RBA-NPs were detected by flow cytometry assay in RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells. c The expressions of M1 phenotype (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β) and M2 phenotype (Arg-1, IL-10, TGF-β) macrophage makers genes were detected in RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells. Data were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 5. #P < 0.05 vs. Normal group; *P < 0.05 vs. M1 group

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