Fig. 1: Proteomic analysis revealed synaptic modulation upon chronic exposure to haloperidol.

A Heatmap view of 93 proteins (x axis) from the “neuronal system” family of the Reactome database. Protein fold enrichment is color-coded relative to the control average (blue: decreased expression; red: increased expression). The Y-axis represents biological replicates (Vehicles (VE): 1–4; Haloperidol (HA): 1–5). B Volcano plot of the 93 proteins with neuronal-related functions according to the Reactome database. Proteins statistically altered (p < 0.1) upon chronic exposure to haloperidol are color-coded (blue: decreased expression; red: increased expression). Proteins involved in glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission are highlighted. C Supervised multivariate analysis (PLS-DA) with the representation of the first two components accounting for 58.7% of the variability in the dataset (left panel). Variable importance in projection (VIP) score plot for the top 20 most important proteins identified by PLS-DA analysis (right panel). Fold enrichment of each protein in the haloperidol group is color-coded relative to the control average (blue: decreased expression; red: increased expression). D Violin plots of the significantly downregulated neuronal proteins in haloperidol-treated mice. Proteins involved in glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission are highlighted. E Violin plots of the significantly upregulated neuronal proteins in haloperidol-treated mice. Proteins involved in glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission are highlighted. Welch’s unpaired t test for D, E; *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01, ****p < 0.001. Statistical details are shown in Supplementary Table S2.