Fig. 2: Forest plots for hazard ratios of colorectal cancer-specific and overall survival.

The results of observational studies were tested in Model 1 by comparing the CCS or OS difference between patients with Group 3 and Group 1 25-OHD levels. The results of individual-level Mendelian randomisation studies were the CCS or OS difference per unit increase in 25-OHD PRS after adjusting age and sex. The results of summary-level Mendelian randomisation studies were the CCS or OS difference per standard deviation increase of rank-based inverse-normal transformed 25-OHD by adjusting age, sex and stages in SOCCS, and age and sex in UKBB.