Table 1 Overview of studies.

Achim, 2017 [21], USA

66.0 ± 9.0

70

88.0

CT, L3

RCS

<52.4 cm²/m² M

<38.5 cm²/m² F

Literature

77.14

Complications

Ahern, 2023 [22], Australia

61.2 ± 9.7

101

91.0

CT, L3

OBS

<41 F/<43 M, <53 cm² obese patients

Literature

66.3

OS

Alwani, 2020 [23], USA

59.4 ± 13

168

73.2

CT, L3

RCS

<32.0 cm²/m² F, <41.6 cm²/m² M

Literature

27.3

Complications

Ansari, 2020 [24], Netherlands

62.4 ± 10.2

78

69.2

CT, C3

RCS

<43.2 cm²/m² LSMI

Literature

61.5

OS, DFS

Ansari, 2022 [25], Netherlands

66.7 ± 12.5

53

61.9

CT, C3

RCS

<43.2 cm²/m² LSMI

Literature

79.2

Complications

Arribas, 2021 [26], Spain

57.7 ± 9.62

61

85.2

CT, L3

RCS

<52.4 cm²/m² M < 38.5 cm²/m² F

Literature

48.2

OS, PFS

Bardoscia, 2022 [27], Italy

64.5, (56.3–72.35)

225

75.6

CT,L3

RCS

<41 cm²/m² F, <43 cm²/m² M or <53 cm²/m² obese patients

Literature

23.3

OS, DSS, PFS

Becker, 2023 [28], Switzerland

NR

97

80.4

CT, C3

RCS

<43.2 cm²/m² LSMI

Literature

43.3

CDLT, complications

Bentahila, 2022 [29], France

60.4 ± 9.4

212

83.0

CT, L3

RCS

SMI < 43.3 cm²/m² M < 33.09 cm² /m² F

Literature

25.5

OS, DFS

Bonavolanta, 2023 [30], Italy

73 ± NR

426

56.0

CT, C3

RCS

<43 M cm² < 41 cm² M obese, <41 cm² F

Literature

58.7

OS

Bril, 2019 [31], Netherlands

64.7 ± 9.1

235

82.1

CT/MR C3

RCS

<43.2 cm²/m²

Statistics

46.4

OS, Complications

Bril, 2022 [32], Netherlands

59.9 ± 6.7

153

73.2

CT, C3

RCS

<13.1 cm²M, <10.7 cm²F

Statistics

54.9

OS

Casayas, 2022, [33] Spain

65.7 ± 10.3

86

100

CT, C3

RCS

≤35.5 cm2

Statistics

46.5

Complications

Chang, 2021 [34], Taiwan

NR

125

90.4

CT C3

RCS

<20.71 cm²/m²

Statistics

36.9

OS, DFS

Chargi, 2019 [35], Netherlands

81.5 ± 6.5

85

44.7

CT C3

RCS

<43.2 cm²/m² LSMI

Literature

48.2

OS

Chargi, 2020 [36], Netherlands

NR

216

66.2

CT/MR C3

RCS

OS < 43.0 cm²/m², DFS < 43.2 cm2/m2

Literature

64.8

OS, DFS

Chargi, 2022 [37], Netherlands

57.7 ± 8.4

343

68.5

CT/MR C3

RCS

<43.2 cm²/m²

Literature

58.0

CDLT

Choi, 2020 [38], Korea

58.5 ± 12.8

79

82.3

CT C1 TH1

RCS

<605.77 cm³M, <445.42 cm³F

Statistics

13.9

OS, RFS

Erul, 2023 [39], Turkey

NR

123

89.4

CT C3

RCS

<52.4 cm²/m² M, <38.5 cm²/m² F

Literature

57.0

OS, DFS

Findlay, 2020 [40], Australia

61.0 ± 11.6

79

82.3

CT L3

RCS

<41 cm²/m² F, <43 cm²/m² M or <53 cm²/m² obese patients

Literature,

53.1

OS

Findlay, 2021 [41], Australia

60.0 ± 13.0

277

78.0

CT L3

RCS

<41 cm²/m², <43 cm²/m² M or <53 cm²/m² obese

Literature

52.3

OS

Galli, 2022 [42], Italy

65.9 ± 12.2

65

81.0

CT/MR C3

RCS

<11.25 cm²/m² or <34.91 cm

Statistics

40.0

47.6

Complications

Ganju, 2019 [43], USA

60 (19–88)

246

87.4

CT C3

RCS

<43 cm²/m²

<53 cm²/m² M, <41 cm²/m²

Literature

41.9

OS, PFS

Grossberg, 2016 [44], USA

57.7 ± 9.4

190

84.2

CT L3

RCS

<52.4 cm2 M, <38.5 cm²F,

Literature

35.3

OS, LRC

Haehl, Germany, 2022 [45]

NR

280

NR

CT C3

RCS

45.5 cm²/m² M, <34.3 cm²/m² F

Statistics

55.3

OS

He, 2020 [46], China

NR

1767

78.2

CT L3

RCS

<52 cm² /m² M

<38 cm² /m² F.

BMI ≥ 30 kg/<54 cm²/m² for men

and <47 cm²/m² for women.

Literature

38.7

OS

Hua, 2020, China

45 (18–84)

862

74.2

CT C3

RCS

<18.82 cm²/m²

Statistics

19.7

DMFS, Complications, OS

Hua, 2021 [47], China

45 (18–84)

806

74.7

CT C3

RCS

<22.0 M cm²/m²

<18.6 F cm²/m²

Literature

24.4

OS

Huang, 2019 [48], China

46 NR

394

75.6

CT L3

RCS

<40.8 cm²/m² M

<34.9 cm²/m² F

Literature

33.0

OS

Huang, 2021, [49] China

45.7 ± 10.4

82

67.2

CT L3

PROS

<40.8 cm²/m² M

<34.9 cm²/m² F

Literature

45.0

CDLT

Huang, 2022 [50], China

54.2 ± 11.0

592

87.5

CT C3

RCS

<46.7 cm²/m² M

<30.3 cm²/m² F

Literature

53.2

Complications

Huiskamp, 2020 [51], Netherlands

62.2 ± 7.2

91

64.7

CT/MR C3

RCS

<45.2 cm²

Literature

74.7

CDTL, DFS, OS

Jin, 2022 [52], USA

59

52

85

CT C3

RCS

<9.3 mm²/m²

Statistics

58.8

PFS, OS

Jones, 2021 [53],USA

60.4 ± 13.7

239

68.2

CT L3

RCS

<41.6 M cm²/m²

<32.0 F cm²/m²

Literature

25.9

Intraoperative Blood transfusions

Jung, 2019 [54], Korea

64 [56–73]

305

87.2

CT C3/L3

PROS

<174.5 cm²M

<56.3 cm²F

Statistics

50.0

OS

Jung, 2019 [55], Korea

64 [56–73]

258

86.4

CT L3

PROS

<52.4 cm²/m² M

<38.5 cm²/m² F

Literature

6.6

DFS, OS

Jung, 2021 [56], Korea

71.9 ± 5.1

190

82.1

CT L3

PROS

<52.4 cm²/m² M

<38.5 cm²/m² F

Literature

33.7

Complications, OS, Hospital readmissions

Karsten, [57] Netherlands, 2019

59 ± 7

128

70.0

CT C3

RCS

<12.7 cm²/m²

Statistics

57.0

Feeding tube dependency

Lee, 2021 [58], Taiwan

51 [45–58]

174

91.4

CT C3

RCS

<52.4 cm²/m² M

<35.2 cm²/m² F

Statistics

32.8

OS, DFS, Complications

Lee, 2021 [59], Korea

68.8 ± 2.8

106

79.2

CT and MR Sylvian fissure

RCS

<6.24 mm

Statistics

50

PFS

Lee, 2021 [60], Taiwan

51 [45–58]

155

92.3

CT C3

RCS

<57.4 cm²/m² M

<48.0 cm²/m² F

Statistics

25

OS, RFS

Lin, Taiwan, 2019

55.0 ± 12.0

276

92.4

CT C3

RCS

<47.5 cm²/m²

NR

NR

DSS, OS

Makiguchi, 2019 [62], Japan

60.3 ± 11.2

120

67.2

CT L3

RCS

<36.02 cm²/m² M

<31.76 cm²/m² F

Statistics

25.4

Complications

Mascarella, 2022 [63], USA

61.8 ± 14.1

127

67.0

CT C3

PROS

<1100 mm/m² M

<880 mm/m² F

Statistics

NR

Hospital stay, OS, Complications

Mascarella, 2022 [64], USA

62.4 ± 14

127

67.7

CT C3

PROS

NR

NR

30.7

CDLT

McGoldrick, 2022 [65], UK

74, (65–92)

111

69.0

CT C2

RCS

NR

Statistics

33

OS

Morse, 2022 [66], USA

NR

272

81.9

CT C3

RCS

NR

Statistics

50

CDLT, Complications

Nagpal, 2021 [67] India

60.4 NR

306

88.0

CT C3

RCS

<32 cm²/m²

Statistics

50

Disease control

Nishikawa, 2018 [68], Japan

66 (28–89)

85

78

CT L3

RCS

<46.7 cm²/m² M, <30.3 cm²/m² F

Statistics

46

OS

Pai, 2018 [69], Taiwan

51.4 ± 11.3

881

82.7

CT T2

RCS

<51.7 cm²/m² M, <34.3 cm²/m² F

Statistics

50

DMFS, LRG, OS

Rijn-Dekker, 2020 [70], Netherlands

NR

744

74.2

CT C3

RCS

<42.4 cm²/m² M,

<30.6 cm²/m² F

Statistics

25

DFS, OS

Shodo, 2021 [71], Japan

64.2 ± 8.3

41

100

CT L3

RCS

<39.7 cm²/m²

Statistics

26.8

CDLT

Stone, 2019 [72], USA

61.1 ± 11

260

74.2

CT L3

RCS

<52.4 cm²/m² M, 38.5 cm²/m² F

Literature

55.4

DFS, OS

Takenaka, 2022 [73], Japan

65 (23–80)

114

74.6

CT L3

RCS

<39.84 cm²/m² M, 35.92 cm²/m² F

Statistics

NR

OS, PFS

Tamaki, 2019 [74], USA

NR

113

69.9

CT L3

RCS

<43 cm2/m2 M, <41 cm²/m² F

Literature

28.3

DFS, OS

Thureau, 2021 [75], France

61.1 ± 9.0

243

77.0

CT L3

PROS

< 52.4 cm²/m² M,

<38.5 cm²/m² F

Literature

36.7

DFS, OS

van Heusden, 2022 [73], Netherlands

61.8 [56.0–67.4]

99

72.7

CT C2, L3, C3

RCS

C2: NR

L3: < 43.2 cm²/m²

C2: Statistics

L3: Literature

C2: 25

L3: NR

OS

Wendrich, 2017 [77], Netherlands

54.5 ± 9.4

112

64.3

CT C3

RCS

<43.2 cm²/m²

Statistics

54.5

CDLT

Willemsen, 2023 [78], Netherlands

63.2 ± 8.0

98

85.0

CT L3

RCS

<43 cm²/m2 M, <41 cm²/m² F

Literature

53

OS, PFS

Xing, 2021 [79], Netherlands

46.5 (23–70)

96

75.0

CT L3

RCS

<52.7 cm²/m²

Statistics

NR

Complications

Yamahara, 2021 [80], Japan

72 (41–92)

164

87.2

CT C3

RCS

<43.2 cm²/m²

Literature

52.4

DFS, OS, locoregional control

Yoshimura, 2020 [81], Japan

NR

103

59.2

CT L3 psoas

RCS

<6.05 cm²/m² M, <5.097 cm²/m² F

Statistics

28.1

DSS

Yunaiyama, 2022 [82], Japan

NR

101

85

CT hyoid level

RCS

<16.88 cm²/m²

Statistics

55.4

OS