Fig. 1: The mouse liver metastasis model and its dynamic disease course.

A The liver metastasis model in C57BL/6 mice. Mc38 colorectal cancer cells were injected via the spleen-portal vein into the liver. B At 21 days post injection (dpi), the abdomen of a tumor-bearing mouse showed large tumor bumps. C H&E staining showed huge and non-necrotic liver metastases. Up to 14 dpi, the liver metastases appeared as small to large-sized tumors on the liver surface; arrows pointed to liver metastases (D); and under the microscope by H&E staining (E). F The weight changes in the control and Mc38-injected mice during disease (weight changes were shown in the mean value of 4 mice per group). G Metastases volumes in the liver were calculated by measuring the tumor sizes in H&E staining during 8–14 dpi (N = 3, with 3–5 fields imaged and quantified). *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.