Fig. 1: FFAs, especially LCFA, are upregulated in the serum of patients with UC.

A Serum FFA concentrations were compared between UC patients and healthy controls (n = 178). B Serum FFA concentrations were compared among UC patients in remission, and those with mild, moderate, and severe disease activity. C ROC curve analysis was performed to assess the predictive value of FFA for UC. D ROC curve analysis was performed to assess the predictive value of FFA for active UC. E Total FFA concentrations in serum were measured by targeted GC-FID/MS analysis in UC patients and healthy controls (n = 10). F Heatmap analysis to show the normalized FA concentration of each sample. G Histograms were plotted based on the FFA concentrations for each sample in the two groups, with blue bars representing healthy controls and orange bars representing UC patients. P values were determined using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test (E, G), unpaired two-tailed Mann-Whitney test (A), or Kruskal-Wallis test (B). ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.