Fig. 1: GMFB expression in bone extracts derived from PMOP patients and OVX rats.

A, B T scores in lumber spine (A) and total hip (B) of the control group and the PMOP group. ***P < 0.001, unpaired Student’s t-test. C Preparation of patient-derived bone samples. D, F Western blot (D) and quantification (E) of GMFB in the bone tissues of the osteoporotic patients and healthy controls. Protein expression of GMFB is inversely correlated with T scores in the lumber spine (green) and total hip (red) of patients (F). Correlation formula was as follows: y = −0.5952x − 1.193 and y = −0.6624x − 1.41 (x: GMFB expression, y: T scores). G, I Representative images of H&E staining (G) and quantification of adipocyte number (H) and area (I) in bone samples from osteoporotic patients and healthy controls. (scale bars, 100 μm, n = 5). J and K Representative images of GMFB staining (J) and quantification of the number of GMFB⁺ cells (red arrows) in bone samples from osteoporotic patients and healthy controls (K) (scale bars, 50 μm, n = 5). L and M Representative images of osteocalcin (OCN) staining (L) and quantification of number of OCN⁺ cells (red arrows) in bone samples from osteoporotic patients and healthy controls (M) (scale bars, 50 μm, n = 5). N Western blot analysis of GMFB protein levels in bone tissue from the OVX and Sham rats after operation. O Quantification of band density in (N). Data represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. **p < 0.01 compared to the respective sham group. ##p < 0.01 compared to sham group at 0 weeks.