Fig. 1: Characterization of material superhydrophobicity and surface topology.

a Contact angle (CA) and roll-off angle (RA) measured by sessile drop goniometry (*p < 0.05). b, c Surface roughness and the corresponding SEM images of the raw and sanded PTFE samples, respectively. The sanded sample displayed the presence of hierarchical microstructures that support the presence of an air plastron for reduced solid-liquid contact.