Table 1 Means ± SD (N) for the traits measured, and parameter estimates ± SE for the fixed effects are from analyses of standardised values from our basic model V A + V M + V B + V R

From: Maternal-by-environment but not genotype-by-environment interactions in a fish without parental care

Parameter estimates

Trait

Trait mean ± SD (N)

Intercept

Food treatment (low)

Inbreeding (inbred)

Generation (F 3 )

Adult age

h 2

m 2

Female size at maturity

23.89 ± 2.69 (1035)

0.002 ± .116

−0.368 ± 0.078***

0.058 ± 0.120

0.142 ± 0.106

—

0.309 ± 0.121*

0.254 ± 0.058***

Male size at maturity

22.62 ± 1.93 (1085)

0.325 ± 0.096

−0.192 ± 0.082*

0.076 ± 0.112

−0.507 ± 0.103***

—

0.040 ± 0.092

0.264 ± 0.055***

Female age at maturity

94.25 ± 41.42 (1026)

−0.353 ± 0.110

0.635 ± 0.078***

0.185 ± 0.118

0.398 ± 0.104***

—

0.252 ± 0.113*

0.268 ± 0.054***

Male age at maturity

77.55 ± 34.78 (1060)

0.018 ± 0.094

0.585 ± 0.079***

0.027 ± 0.110

−0.247 ± 0.101**

—

0.000 ± 0.000

0.286 ± 0.039***

Relative gonopodium size

0 ± 0.36 (1053)

−0.481 ± 0.089

0.386 ± 0.089***

0.153 ± 0.102

0.637 ± 0.097***

—

0.039 ± 0.083

0.094 ± 0.047*

Sperm number

186.77 ± 94.53 (442)

0.065 ± 0.101

−0.100 ± 0.093

−0.035 ± 0.100

—

0.137 ± 0.049**

0.000 ± 0.000

0.074 ± 0.052

Sperm velocity

83.01 ± 16.57(390)

0.098 ± 0.094

−0.230 ± 0.096*

0.059 ± 0.103

—

−0.302 ± 0.052***

0.197 ± 0.125

0.016 ± 0.085

  1. In all models, we fitted food treatment (control vs low food diet), inbreeding (inbred vs outbred), and generation (two levels, F2–F3). For sperm number and sperm velocity, generation was not included as a fixed effect because we only had data for F2 males, but we included the age of the male at measurement (measured in days post maturity). Estimates of fixed effect parameters and proportions are followed by their SEs. Heritabilities (h 2) and the proportion of the maternal effects variance (m 2) ± SE are from the basic model with V A + V M + V B + V R. Significance of h 2 and m 2 is given as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (see Methods for details).
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