Table 1 COVID-19 related drugs and their targets in NF-κB activation

1

Remdesivir/molnupiravir

Suppress viral replication by specifically inhibiting RdRp as a nucleotide analogue

[36]

2

Paxlovid

Suppress viral replication by specifically inhibiting the chemotripsine-like protease of SARS-CoV-2

[37]

3

Methylprednisolone/ dexamethasone

Suppress NF-κB activation by disrupting the NF-κB’s binding with its DNA sequences

[38, 39]

4

Tocilizumab/sarilumab/ siltuximab/clazakizumab

Suppress IL-6R-induced NF-κB activation by disrupting the interaction between IL-6 and IL-6R

[40]

5

Infliximab/adalimumab

Suppress TNFR-induced NF-κB activation by disrupting the interaction between TNFα and TNFR

[42]

6

Anakinra/canakinumab

Suppress IL-1R-induced NF-κB activation by disrupting the interaction between IL-1α/β with IL-1R

[43]

7

Baricitinib/ruxolitinib/tofacitinib

Disrupt the JAK/STAT/NF-κB signaling pathways by inhibiting JAK1/2 activation

[41]

8

Camostat mesylate

Suppress NF-κB activation by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 fusion by inhibiting TMPRSS2

[45, 46]

9

Metformin

Suppresses NF-κB activation by inhibiting p38 activation and ANG II-AT1R axis

[47]

10

ACEIs/ARBs

Suppress NF-κB activation via ANG II-AT1R and ACE2-MAS signaling

[22]

11

Fluvoxamine

Suppress NF-κB activation by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling through GSK1

[48]

12

Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine

Suppress NF-κB activation by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling

[49]

13

Aspirin

Suppress NF-κB activation by inhibiting both type 1 and type 2 cyclooxygenase and reducing ROS generation

[50]

14

N-acetylcysteine

Suppress NF-κB activation by lowering ROS by replenishing intracellular reduced glutathione

[51, 52]

15

Glutathione

Suppress NF-κB activation by lowering ROS generation

[53]

16

Vitamin C

Suppress NF-κB activation by lowering ROS generation

[53]