Fig. 2: ARS2 regulates the stemness and tumorigenesis of GSCs.

a Representative immunocytochemistry (ICC) images of ARS2, Nestin, and GFAP in control 528 cells (528-shCtrl), and two different ARS2-knockdown 528 cell lines (528-shARS2 #1 and 528-shARS2 #2). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 50 μm. b Limiting dilution assays (LDAs) performed using 528-shCtrl, 528-shARS2 #1, and 528-shARS2 #2 cells. (n = 24, **P < 0.01, t-test). c Cell proliferation assays performed using 528-shCtrl, 528-shARS2 #1, and 528-shARS2 #2 cells. All error bars represent mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM; n = 3). **P < 0.01, t-test. d Representative ICC images of ARS2, Nestin, and GFAP in X01-shCtrl, X01-shARS2 #1, and X01-shARS2 #2 cells. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 50 μm. e LDAs performed using X0-shCtrl, X01-shARS2 #1, and X01-shARS2 #2 cells. (n = 24, **P < 0.01, t-test). f Cell proliferation assays performed using X01-shCtrl, X01-shARS2 #1, and X01-shARS2 #2 cells. All error bars represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). **P < 0.01, t-test. g H&E staining of the whole brains from mice implanted with X01-shCtrl, X01-shARS2 #1, or X01-shARS2 #2 cells. Scale bar, 100 μm. The sample is extracted at 42 days after cell injection. h Kaplan–Meier survival plots for the orthotopic xenograft mouse model (n = 6; 1 × 105 cells injected per mouse, log-rank test). Median survival of the orthotopic mice injected with X01-shCtrl, X01-shARS2 #1, or X01-shARS2 #2 was 36 days, 52 days, and 71.5 days, respectively.