Table 2 Ammonia mitigation potential and costs for agricultural products (2020).
From: Societal benefits of halving agricultural ammonia emissions in China far exceed the abatement costs
Mitigation Potential (%) | Absolute Reduction (Gg NH3–N year−1) | Unit cost (US$ ha−1 year−1) or (US$ LU−1 year−1 a) | Cost-effectiveness (US$ per kg NH3–N) | Total cost (US$ billion) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
For cropland | 39–68 | 1977–3420 | 12–21 | 0.6–1.7 | 1.9–3.4 |
Rice | 55–73 | 516–684 | 14–18 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.4–0.6 |
Wheat | 51–83 | 446–731 | 16–27 | 0.5–1.3 | 0.4–0.6 |
Maize | 39–81 | 460–954 | 11–22 | 0.4–2.0 | 0.4–0.9 |
Beans | 22–38 | 9–15 | 1–2 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.01–0.01 |
Tubers | 25-46 | 55–101 | 4–8 | 0.2–1.8 | 0.0–0.1 |
Cotton | 35–83 | 45–106 | 11–25 | 0.7–2.2 | 0.0–0.1 |
Oil crops | 27–49 | 25–44 | 2–4 | 0.7–2.0 | 0.03–0.05 |
Sugar crops | 45–70 | 36–57 | 28–44 | 0.5–2.7 | 0.0–0.1 |
Fruits | 20–40 | 118–235 | 18–35 | 0.9–3.4 | 0.2–0.4 |
Vegetables | 30–55 | 269–493 | 15–27 | 0.6–2.2 | 0.3–0.6 |
For livestock | 37–65 | 2051–3635 | 11–20 | 1.2–2.7 | 4.2–7.8 |
Dairy cattle | 36–61 | 149–251 | 30–55 | 2.1–6.6 | 0.5–1.0 |
Beef cattle | 37–61 | 300–499 | 44–86 | 2.4–7.7 | 1.2–2.3 |
Sheep and goat | 32–62 | 277–533 | 6–15 | 0.3–1.3 | 0.2–0.3 |
Sow | 40–68 | 205–347 | 23–37 | 1.4–3.7 | 0.5–0.8 |
Hog | 41–69 | 633–1061 | 8–14 | 1.1–3.3 | 1.2–2.1 |
Laying hen | 37–73 | 232–453 | 10–19 | 0.5–2.0 | 0.2–0.5 |
Other poultry | 35–72 | 189–390 | 3–6 | 0.9–3.7 | 0.3–0.7 |
Rabbit | 42–57 | 36–48 | 7–11 | 0.4–1.0 | 0.01–0.03 |
Horse/donkey/mule | 24–41 | 31–53 | 4–9 | 0.9–3.0 | 0.05–0.09 |
Camel | 6–16 | 0.0–0.1 | 0–0 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.0–0.0 |
Total | 38–67 | 4028–7055 | NAb | 0.8–2.1 | 6.1–11.2 |
