Table 1 Diversity effects were only supported in six forest regions.

Country	Region	n	BIC_MSH	BIC_MIH	BIC_NULL	∆BIC_MSH-MIH	∆BIC_supp-NULL	Fisher’s C
Russia	Kola	28	38.779	38.65	35.729	0.129	2.921^a	2.407
US	Sequoya National Park	132	59.903	62.438	94.089	−2.535	−34.186	6.192*
US	Great Canyon National Park	229	94.24	83.382	161.567	10.858	−78.185	7.31*
Sweeden	Northern Sweeden	101	61.954	51.06	127.12	10.894	−76.06	0.294
Spain	Sierra Nevada National Park	56	46.133	47.261	57.43	−1.128	−11.297	1.854
Switzerland	Alps	234	80.669	77.006	75.72	3.663	1.286^a	0.507
Bhutan	Toepisa	160	75.803	76.02	177.499	−0.217	−101.696	4.751
US	Alaska	491	96.893	88.159	248.759	8.734	−160.6	1.409
US	New York	197	75.841	75.445	101.421	0.396	−25.976	1.48
Brazil	Bahia	106	61.503	51.564	66.877	9.939	−15.313	0.266
Ecuador	Western Ecuador	48	44.902	43.462	68.355	1.44	−24.893	0.879
Australia	Victoria	44	46.95	42.955	46.344	3.995	−3.389	1.329
France	Mercantour National Park	61	45.302	51.407	56.684	−6.105	−11.382	0.082
Chile	Northern Patagonia	109	71.179	71.031	118.788	0.148	−47.757	5.352
France	Cévennes National Park	98	51.299	51.419	47.123	−0.12	4.176^a	1.273
Spain	Fuentes Carrionas Natural Park	117	55.627	60.421	57.464	−4.794	−1.837	3.243
US	Klamath Forest	74	48.697	47.473	89.029	1.224	−41.556	0.128
Ecuador	Podocarpus National Park	30	37.992	42.404	43.511	−4.412	−5.519	0.579
Peru	Río Abiseo National Park	30	40.796	50.038	49.742	−9.242	−8.946	3.383
Myanmar	Wetphuyay	62	59.836	58.427	103.986	1.409	−45.559	0.647
Uganda	National Park	622	106.037	116.223	663.936	−10.186	−557.899	5.506
Bolivia	Madidi National Park	44	54.454	71.85	76.687	−17.396	−22.233	1.475
Costa Rica	Costa Rica	96	69.109	72.112	120.279	−3.003	−51.17	5.208

Model selection using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Fisher’s C is the statistic used to test for the existence of independent claims (not accounted paths) in the hypothesized model³⁶.
MSH more species hypothesis, MIH more individuals hypothesis.
*P-values < 0.05.
^aIndicates the existence of missing paths that were unaccounted in the initial model.

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