Fig. 5: Transethnic association plots of HLA variants with T1D in the MHC region.

Diamonds represent −log₁₀ (P values) for the tested HLA variants, including SNPs, classical alleles, and amino acid polymorphisms of the HLA genes. Dashed black horizontal lines represent the genome-wide significance threshold of P = 5.0 × 10⁻⁸. The physical positions of the HLA genes on chromosome 6 are shown at the bottom. a–e Each panel shows the association plot in the process of stepwise conditional regression analysis: nominal results. a Results conditioned on HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DQB1. b Results conditioned on HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-A. c Results conditioned on HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-A, and HLA-B. d Our study identified the independent contribution of multiple HLA class I and class II genes to the T1D risk in a trans-ethnic cohort, in which the impacts of class II HLA genes were more evident. Detailed association results are shown in Supplementary Data 1. HLA human leukocyte antigen, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism.