Fig. 1: A framework integrating ecological genomics, niche modelling and landscape genetic analysis to evaluate climate change-driven vulnerability.

A schematic representation of climate change-driven vulnerability modelling. We combine ecological genomics and niche modelling to evaluate the population-specific responses of the two species to future climate change. We consider both the genomic offset and niche suitability change for potential evolutionary rescue. Only populations with minor genome-niche interruption can be regarded as a desired store of species’ survival for climate change (i.e., being a donor). A landscape genetic approach is then used to evaluate potential rescue costs.