Table 1 Pregnancy and childhood exposome clusters based on associations with multi-omics profiles measured in childhood (N = 1301)

From: Multi-omics signatures of the human early life exposome

Clusters

Exposuresa

Omics-associated features

  

DNA methylation

Gene expression

miRNA expression 

Proteins

Serum metab.

Urine metab.

Total

Total annotated genesb

Pregnancy period

1. Tobacco smoke

Cd, cotinine, maternal smoking, Hg, PFUNDA

39

0

1

0

8

0

48

19

2. Molybdenum

Mo

72

0

0

0

1

1

74

47

3. Phthalates and parabens

ETPA, MEPA, PRPA, MEHHP, BUPA, MECPP, MEOHP

1

0

5

0

10

4

20

6

Childhood period

1. Organochlorine chemicals

PCB 118, HCB, PCB 138, PCB 153, PM2.5, PCB 180, house crowding, PCB 170, bread, DDE, diet fat, MEP, MIBP

43

1

1

3

24

2

74

41

2. Copper

Cu, Pb, land use

52

5

17

6

8

1

89

69

3. Fish and contaminants

PFOS, Cs, PFNA, Se, PFUNDA, Hg, As, fish, PFHXS, cotinine, dairy, PBDE 153, fastfood, ETS, BTEX in, sweets

2

0

3

2

56

8

71

5

4. Weather

Hum., T, UV, K, PFOA, Mg, BPA, Tl, PM10

30

21

18

5

4

0

78

65

5. Phthalates (DEHP metabolites)

MEOHP, MEHHP, MECPP, MEHP, bakery prod

8

1

0

0

7

0

16

10

6. Non-persistent chemicals and diet

OXOMINP, KIDMED, DMTP, Co, BUPA, DETP, OHMiNP, Cd, fruits, DMDTP, DEP, vegetables, meat, cereals, social participation, DMP

13

0

1

2

1

21

38

15

7. Indoor air

PM2.5 indoor,  parental smoking, blue space, MNBP

13

0

4

0

5

0

22

12

8. Manganese and molybdenum

Mn, Mo

1

6

0

1

2

0

10

8

9. Benzene

Benzene indoor

9

0

0

0

0

0

9

7

10. Triclosan

Triclosan

0

0

2

3

0

0

5

5

11. Distance road

Distance road

0

0

0

0

2

0

2

0

  1. NO2 nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5 particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm, PM10 particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 μm, PM2.5abs absorbance of PM2.5 filters, TEX toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, DDE 4,4′dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene, DDT 4,4′dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, HCB hexachlorobenzene, PCB polychlorinated biphenyl—118, 138, 153, 170, 180, PBDE 47 2,2′,4,4′-tetra-bromodiphenyl ether, PBDE 153 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexa-bromodiphenyl ether, PFOA perfluorooctanoate, PFNA perfluorononanoate, PFUNDA perfluoroundecanoate, PFHxS perfluorohexane sulfonate, PFOS perfluorooctane sulfonate, As arsenic, Cd cadmium, Co cobalt, Cs ceasium, Cu copper, Hg mercury, Mn manganese, Mo molybdenum, Pb lead, Tl thallium, MEP monoethyl phthalate, MiBP mono-iso-butyl phthalate, MnBP mono-n-butyl phthalate, MBzP mono benzyl phthalate, MEHP mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, MEHHP mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate, MEOHP mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate, MECPP mono-2-ethyl 5-carboxypentyl phthalate, OHMiNP mono-4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl phthalate, OXOMiNP mono-4-methyl-7-oxooctyl phthalate, MEPA methyl paraben, ETPA ethyl paraben, BPA bisphenol A, PRPA propyl paraben, BUPA N-butyl paraben, OXBE oxybenzone, DMP dimethyl phosphate, DMTP dimethyl thiophosphate, DMDTP dimethyl dithiophosphate, DEP diethyl phosphate, DETP diethyl thiophosphate, DEDTP diethyl dithiophosphate, THM trihalomethane.
  2. aOrdered based on their number of omics associations, from the exposures with the most associations to the ones the least connected.
  3. bAcross CpGs, transcript clusters, miRNA and proteins.
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