Fig. 3: Dynamical processes responsible for the different mean-state sea surface temperature (SST) changes between the eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) and adjacent oceans under greenhouse warming. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Dynamical processes responsible for the different mean-state sea surface temperature (SST) changes between the eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) and adjacent oceans under greenhouse warming.

From: Southern hemisphere eastern boundary upwelling systems emerging as future marine heatwave hotspots under greenhouse warming

Fig. 3

Climatological mean (1950–2000) heat budget in the upper 50 m averaged over California current system (CalCS, a), Canary current system (CanCS, b), Humboldt current system (HCS, c) and Benguela current system (BCS, d) minus its oceanic counterpart, where TD is the temperature tendency, Qvm (Qhm) the vertical (horizontal) advection by mean flows, Qme the temperature flux convergence by mesoscale eddies, Qshf the contribution by the net sea surface heat flux and Qmix the parameterized subgrid-scale mixing. Regions used for spatial average are delineated by the green boxes in Fig. 1a–h. The error bar denotes the 95% confidence level. e–h, Same as a–d, but for the coastal and oceanic trend difference (COTD) of individual heat budget terms during 2001–2100.

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