Fig. 1: Temporal variability and power spectra of the winter Barents-Kara sea-ice for detrended and 9-year high pass filtered data.

a Normalized time series of DJF (December-February) mean sea ice concentration (SIC) anomaly (%) averaged over the Barents-Kara Seas (BKS) (30°–90°E, 65°–85°N) for linearly detrended (blue line, no filtering) and 9-year (or 9-yr) high-pass filtered (red line) SIC data from the Hadley center, where the value in the left- (right-) hand side of the green vertical line represents the standard deviation of the DJF-mean BKS SIC variation averaged over 1950–1989 (1990–2019). b, c Power spectra of the b detrended and c 9-yr high-pass filtered DJF-mean BKS SIC time series shown in (a). In panels b–c, the blue (red) dashed line represents the 90% (95%) confidence level.