Fig. 4: Virulence factors identified among the GEMS non-DEC fecal isolates are associated with phylogroup. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Virulence factors identified among the GEMS non-DEC fecal isolates are associated with phylogroup.

From: Genomic diversity of non-diarrheagenic fecal Escherichia coli from children in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia and their relatedness to diarrheagenic E. coli

Fig. 4

a Heat map indicating the prevalence of virulence factors among the GEMS non-DEC genomes in total (purple) or associated with cases (orange) versus controls (blue). The distribution was examined across all sites combined (All GEMS), by continent (Africa vs. Asia), and by country. b Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) was used to investigate the association of virulence factors with different phylogroups. The first 40 PCs and nine discriminant functions (DFs) were retained representing >96% of the conserved variance. An inset bar plot shows the DA eigenvalues, which represent the ratio of the variance between groups over the ratio of the variance within groups for each of the nine DFs. The first two DFs shown as dark gray in the bar plot are represented in the scatter plot. Each point is an individual genome that is colored by phylogroup association and grouped with other genomes of the same phylogroup by an inertia ellipse. The virulence factors most contributing to DF1 and DF2 are chu, espR1, espY3, and usp for DF1, and chu, T2SSα, and usp for DF2. The input data for DAPC analysis is provided in the matrices of Supplementary Data Set 1.

Back to article page