Fig. 3: Photovoltaic performance of the PSCs.

a–c Scheme of a the unencapsulated PSCs, b the PSCs with UV resin encapsulation, and c the PSCs with target encapsulation. d The current density–voltage (J-V) curves of PSCs of the control, UV resin encapsulation, and target encapsulation. e, f Efficiency evolution of PSCs under e damp heat test at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity and f thermal cycling test from −40 °C and 85 °C. Error bars represent the standard deviations from the statistic results of three devices. The epoxy resin is used for edge sealing for better stability in all encapsulated methods. Source data are provided as a Source data file.