Fig. 4: Microbubble-induced cavitation.
a Schematic of the experiment on capturing the cavitation signal in a microbubble suspension and zoom-in view of microbubble fragmentation. b Captured signals (Input voltage: 15 Vpp, 40 Vpp, 90 Vpp and 180 Vpp) in time ___domain. c–e Frequency spectrums of the received signals driven by different input voltages. The sub-harmonic and broadband are identified as the generation of stable cavitation and inertial cavitation, respectively. f–i Microbubble behavior during insonation, showing the processes of oscillation, growth, and collapse of a microbubble.
