Fig. 2: Magmatic, geochemical, and geophysical constraints on Tibetan Plateau evolution.

a A sketch of major terrane elements of the Tibet Plateau and Himalayas, with colored patterns representing magmatism^4,36,46,54. The dashed blue line marks the model ___location in Fig. 3. b History of Tibetan magmatism along the north-south direction^31,38. Distance denotes the distance between the sampling ___location of Moho depth and the suture zone. c, d Crustal thickness evolution of Lhasa and Qiangtang based on magmatic geochemistry⁷⁹. e Present Tibetan topography (brown) and Moho depth (blue), e.g., along the transect in Panel a^4,80,82. Moho depth is from Zhang et al., 2014, which has data coverage over the range of the on-plateau magmatism (also see⁸²). The light green box marks the range of the accreted crust before the indentation of the Indian Subcontinent, e.g., the Tethyan and Greater Himalaya sequences^2,5. In panels c–e, the smooth-shaded envelopes approximate the overall mean trends of data constraints.