Fig. 2: Results of multivariate Bayesian phylogenetically- and spatially informed regressions.

We evaluated the association between avian tolerance towards humans (measured as the flight initiation distance; dependent variable) and several life-history and environmental predictors across birds of open tropical ecosystems (all species: blue colour, N = 10,249 observations for 842 species; passerines: orange colour, 5400 observations for 425 species) and reported standardised effect sizes (coloured objects) with their 95% credible intervals (horizontal lines). Predictors included habitat type (rural or urban), human footprint index, body mass, clutch size, wing shape (measured as hand-wing index), presence of migratory behaviour, ground foraging, flock size, starting distance, season (wet or dry), percentage tree cover, continent (Africa, Australia or South America), altitude and latitude. We considered an association significant if the credible intervals did not overlap zero—statistically significant results are highlighted by “*”. For information on sample sizes and full statistical results, see Supplementary Table 1. Bird silhouettes were downloaded from PhyloPic (http://phylopic.org) and are available under the Public Domain Dedication 1.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).