Fig. 4: Enhanced activity of multi-ITC derivatives.

a Effect of multi-ITC derivatives (37–40) on stomatal opening in C. benghalensis was measured with the same data of and in a similar manner as in Fig. 1b. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6 biologically independent samples examined over 20–25 stomata per leaf disc). b The effect of multi-ITC derivatives on PM H+-ATPase phosphorylation induced by blue light or FC in A. thaliana guard cells is determined by immunohistochemical staining, as shown in Fig. 2a. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3; 50 stomata in each experiment).