Fig. 3: Encoding based on scattered light signals of the diamond microparticles.

a (i) An authentication setup comprising a portable microscope and a smartphone. (ii) An optical image of the diamond-PUF label taken by the portable microscope. (iii) Dark-field microscopy and (iv) SEM images of the yellow dashed area in (ii). b The black-and-white image is converted from the red dashed area of 200 µm × 200 µm in (a-(ii)). c The corresponding 2D binary encoding matrix of (b) based on dark (0) and bright (1) levels at each pixel, with a resolution of 50 pixels × 50 pixels. Distributions of d similarity and e Hamming distances (normalized) for keys generated from 100 labels. f The scattering spectra and corresponding SEM images of three random diamond microparticles in the selected area. Numerical calculated scattering spectra of diamond microparticles with different g shapes (~1 µm) and h heights/sizes (Shape-1: cubo-octahedral).