Fig. 4: Model simulated black carbon (BC) absorption enhancement using the new scheme in this study (red squares) and the conventional scheme (blue squares), compared with observations.
WRF-Chemv and WRF-Chemcs stand for WRF-Chem simulations with volume mixing and core-shell mode, respectively. The black squares with error bars (standard deviation) are Eabs observed using the thermodenuder (TD) method at different sites obtained from previous studies9,13,48,49,50,51,52. There are two exceptions, which are Knox et al.48 and Ueda et al.50. The error bars in Knox et al.48 represent the Eabs of aerosol with different age categories and the error bars in Ueda et al.50 cover the 25th−75th percentiles. The Eabs reported in Cappa et al.51 were observed in two cities (Fresno and Fontana, California, respectively).
