Fig. 3: Conceptual diagrams of the water budget.

a A typical unburned catchment, b a burned catchment dominated by overland flow due to hydrophobic layer or decreased surface roughness, and c a burned catchment with increased infiltration and surface runoff. d Boxplots and swarm plots of field-saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) values from the unburned and burned catchments compared to rainfall intensity, where the points represent data values, the box represents the quartiles with the middle line indicates the median value, and the whiskers represent the data distribution excluding outliers. e Inset of (c) showing potential rapid infiltration points in burned catchments as well as photographs from the Louise catchment (left photo shows water flowing out of fractured bedrock from 4 February 2022; photos courtesy of A. Atwood). Diagrams after Jung et al.36.