Fig. 2: Materials characterization.

a The normalized absorption spectra of SPC and DPC film. b The energy level of each functional layer in OSC. c The conductivity of various CILs measured by I-V curves with a sandwich structure of ITO/BCP/Ag, ITO/ SPC/Ag and ITO/DPC/Ag. Insert shows the structure used in this test. d UPS spectra of Ag with or witout being coated with BCP, SPC and DPC CIL.