Fig. 5: In situ characterization of the ANRR mechanism.

a Schematic of in situ Raman and in situ SR-FTIR tests. b, c 3D plots of in situ SR-FTIR spectra of Cu NWs (b) and OD-Cu NWs (c) at different voltages. d Schematic of the SVUV-PIMS test and the SVUV-PIMS signal of the product recorded simultaneously with the LSV test.