Fig. 3: Seedling richness with respect to herbivore exclusion and fertilization treatments at individual sites.

Seed bank species richness (number of species) at the seven individual grassland sites in four continents and in different treatment combinations. Bold points represent data means and error bars represent standard error, with shaded colors behind as individual data points; n = 3 for quadrats from which species richness was estimated for all treatment combinations at all sites except for Cedar Creek where n = 5 for all treatment combinations. Colors of different sites are as illustrated in the geographical map of the sites (Fig. 1). Fence, herbivore exclusion treatment; NPK, fertilization treatment.