Fig. 5: Biocompatibility evaluation of the anticoagulant sponges in vitro. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Biocompatibility evaluation of the anticoagulant sponges in vitro.

From: Self-anticoagulant sponge for whole blood auto-transfusion and its mechanism of coagulation factor inactivation

Fig. 5

a Blood cell count for pristine blood and blood after incubation with MS@D-HMP (n = 6 biologically independent samples, mean ± SD. Unpaired, two-tailed student’s t-test). b Differential white blood cell count (DIFF) scatter (forward (FS), side (SS)) charts of pristine blood and blood after incubation with MS@D-HMP. Monocyte (pink), lymphocyte (green), neutrophil (cyan), eosinophil (red). c Hemolysis ratio of the blood after incubation with MS@D-HMP (n = 3 biologically independent samples, mean ± SD. Unpaired, two-tailed student’s t-test). d Quantitative evaluation of adhered platelets on the sponges by LDH assay (n = 8 biologically independent samples, mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests). e Generation of PF4 in the blood after incubation with sponges (n = 3 biologically independent samples, mean ± SD. Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons). f Platelet activation in PRP based on the expression of platelet activation marker CD62p. Thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP, 0.1 mM) and control PRP were used as positive and negative control, respectively (n = 5 biologically independent samples, mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests). g Monocyte activation in whole blood based on the expression of monocyte activation marker CD11b. Lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/mL) and pristine blood were used as positive and negative control, respectively (n = 4 biologically independent samples, mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests). h Concentration of D-dimer in the citrate-anticoagulated plasma after incubation with sponge (n = 4 biologically independent samples for PPP and MS@D-HMP, n = 3 biologically independent samples for Positive, mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests). Generation of C3a (i) and C5a (j) in the blood after incubation with sponges. Cobra-venom factor (CVF, 25 μg/mL) and PBS were used as positive and negative controls, respectively (n = 6 biologically independent samples for Blood, MS, MS@D and MS@D-HMP, n = 4 biologically independent samples for Positive, mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests for (i), Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons for (j)). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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