Fig. 1: mRNA vaccine production and VAX-seq workflow.

Schematic diagram illustrates the steps during mRNA manufacture (left panel), and the steps during VAX-seq analysis (right panel). This includes laboratory steps of long-read nanopore sequencing, followed by bioinformatic steps to analyse output data, including the supporting Mana software toolkit. mRNA vaccine quality features that can be analysed by VAX-seq are indicated (listed in red and green). In the bottom left corner is an IGV plot comparing Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing of a plasmid DNA template. Coverage indicates the number of reads at each nucleotide position while the lower alignments grey bars indicate unique, individual alignments, with colouring indicating their similarity to the reference genome. Source data are provided as a Source data file.