Fig. 6: The associations of MSS and cancer prevalence, incidence, and death.

a Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of MSS with prevalent lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia were estimated using marginally predicted prevalence from logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, center, smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, white blood cell count, and haplogroup. b Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CI for the associations of MSS with incident lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted as above. For incident cancer, we excluded participants with any history of cancer at the time of blood collection. c Sub-distribution HRs and 95% CIs for mortality due to lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia were estimated using the Fine and Gray method to account for competing events (mortality from other cancers and non-cancer causes). The analyses were restricted to participants who had prevalent cancer at the time of the UKB visit (“Prevalent”), new cases that developed during follow-up (“Incident”), or either prevalent or incident cancer (“Any”) of the given type of cancer. For incident cases, individuals with prevalent cancer of the given type were excluded. The numbers of participants and events reflect the numbers included in the regression analyses. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.